Which respiratory condition is characterized by chronic inflammation and obstruction?

Asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation and obstruction of the airways. It is primarily an inflammatory condition where exposure to various triggers—such as allergens, pollution, or exercise—leads to bronchial hyperreactivity. This inflammation results in the swelling of airway walls, increased mucus production, and bronchoconstriction, which together cause difficulty in airflow.

In asthma, the symptoms can range from mild to severe and often include wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The chronic aspect refers to the recurrent nature of asthma attacks, as well as the persistent inflammation that can lead to long-term airway changes if not managed properly.

Other conditions mentioned, such as emphysema and bronchitis, are also associated with chronic respiratory issues but have different underlying mechanisms. Emphysema primarily involves the destruction of alveolar walls leading to reduced surface area for gas exchange, while bronchitis features inflammation of the bronchial tubes but may not always have the severe obstruction seen in asthma. Fibrosis, on the other hand, involves scarring of lung tissue but is not primarily characterized by the inflammation and obstruction typical of asthma.